#
# A higher level module for using sockets (or Windows named pipes)
#
# multiprocessing/connection.py
#
# Copyright (c) 2006-2008, R Oudkerk
# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
#
__all__ = [ 'Client', 'Listener', 'Pipe', 'wait' ]
import io
import os
import sys
import socket
import struct
import time
import tempfile
import itertools
import _multiprocessing
from . import util
from . import AuthenticationError, BufferTooShort
from .context import reduction
_ForkingPickler = reduction.ForkingPickler
try:
import _winapi
from _winapi import WAIT_OBJECT_0, WAIT_ABANDONED_0, WAIT_TIMEOUT, INFINITE
except ImportError:
if sys.platform == 'win32':
raise
_winapi = None
#
#
#
BUFSIZE = 8192
# A very generous timeout when it comes to local connections...
CONNECTION_TIMEOUT = 20.
# The hmac module implicitly defaults to using MD5.
# Support using a stronger algorithm for the challenge/response code:
HMAC_DIGEST_NAME='sha256'
_mmap_counter = itertools.count()
default_family = 'AF_INET'
families = ['AF_INET']
if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'):
default_family = 'AF_UNIX'
families += ['AF_UNIX']
if sys.platform == 'win32':
default_family = 'AF_PIPE'
families += ['AF_PIPE']
def _init_timeout(timeout=CONNECTION_TIMEOUT):
return time.monotonic() + timeout
def _check_timeout(t):
return time.monotonic() > t
#
#
#
def arbitrary_address(family):
'''
Return an arbitrary free address for the given family
'''
if family == 'AF_INET':
return ('localhost', 0)
elif family == 'AF_UNIX':
return tempfile.mktemp(prefix='listener-', dir=util.get_temp_dir())
elif family == 'AF_PIPE':
return tempfile.mktemp(prefix=r'\\.\pipe\pyc-%d-%d-' %
(os.getpid(), next(_mmap_counter)), dir="")
else:
raise ValueError('unrecognized family')
def _validate_family(family):
'''
Checks if the family is valid for the current environment.
'''
if sys.platform != 'win32' and family == 'AF_PIPE':
raise ValueError('Family %s is not recognized.' % family)
if sys.platform == 'win32' and family == 'AF_UNIX':
# double check
if not hasattr(socket, family):
raise ValueError('Family %s is not recognized.' % family)
def address_type(address):
'''
Return the types of the address
This can be 'AF_INET', 'AF_UNIX', or 'AF_PIPE'
'''
if type(address) == tuple:
return 'AF_INET'
elif type(address) is str and address.startswith('\\\\'):
return 'AF_PIPE'
elif type(address) is str:
return 'AF_UNIX'
else:
raise ValueError('address type of %r unrecognized' % address)
#
# Connection classes
#
class _ConnectionBase:
_handle = None
def __init__(self, handle, readable=True, writable=True):
handle = handle.__index__()
if handle < 0:
raise ValueError("invalid handle")
if not readable and not writable:
raise ValueError(
"at least one of `readable` and `writable` must be True")
self._handle = handle
self._readable = readable
self._writable = writable
# XXX should we use util.Finalize instead of a __del__?
def __del__(self):
if self._handle is not None:
self._close()
def _check_closed(self):
if self._handle is None:
raise OSError("handle is closed")
def _check_readable(self):
if not self._readable:
raise OSError("connection is write-only")
def _check_writable(self):
if not self._writable:
raise OSError("connection is read-only")
def _bad_message_length(self):
if self._writable:
self._readable = False
else:
self.close()
raise OSError("bad message length")
@property
def closed(self):
"""True if the connection is closed"""
return self._handle is None
@property
def readable(self):
"""True if the connection is readable"""
return self._readable
@property
def writable(self):
"""True if the connection is writable"""
return self._writable
def fileno(self):
"""File descriptor or handle of the connection"""
self._check_closed()
return self._handle
def close(self):
"""Close the connection"""
if self._handle is not None:
try:
self._close()
finally:
self._handle = None
def send_bytes(self, buf, offset=0, size=None):
"""Send the bytes data from a bytes-like object"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_writable()
m = memoryview(buf)
# HACK for byte-indexing of non-bytewise buffers (e.g. array.array)
if m.itemsize > 1:
m = memoryview(bytes(m))
n = len(m)
if offset < 0:
raise ValueError("offset is negative")
if n < offset:
raise ValueError("buffer length < offset")
if size is None:
size = n - offset
elif size < 0:
raise ValueError("size is negative")
elif offset + size > n:
raise ValueError("buffer length < offset + size")
self._send_bytes(m[offset:offset + size])
def send(self, obj):
"""Send a (picklable) object"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_writable()
self._send_bytes(_ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
def recv_bytes(self, maxlength=None):
"""
Receive bytes data as a bytes object.
"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
if maxlength is not None and maxlength < 0:
raise ValueError("negative maxlength")
buf = self._recv_bytes(maxlength)
if buf is None:
self._bad_message_length()
return buf.getvalue()
def recv_bytes_into(self, buf, offset=0):
"""
Receive bytes data into a writeable bytes-like object.
Return the number of bytes read.
"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
with memoryview(buf) as m:
# Get bytesize of arbitrary buffer
itemsize = m.itemsize
bytesize = itemsize * len(m)
if offset < 0:
raise ValueError("negative offset")
elif offset > bytesize:
raise ValueError("offset too large")
result = self._recv_bytes()
size = result.tell()
if bytesize < offset + size:
raise BufferTooShort(result.getvalue())
# Message can fit in dest
result.seek(0)
result.readinto(m[offset // itemsize :
(offset + size) // itemsize])
return size
def recv(self):
"""Receive a (picklable) object"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
buf = self._recv_bytes()
return _ForkingPickler.loads(buf.getbuffer())
def poll(self, timeout=0.0):
"""Whether there is any input available to be read"""
self._check_closed()
self._check_readable()
return self._poll(timeout)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
self.close()
if _winapi:
class PipeConnection(_ConnectionBase):
"""
Connection class based on a Windows named pipe.
Overlapped I/O is used, so the handles must have been created
with FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED.
"""
_got_empty_message = False
def _close(self, _CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
_CloseHandle(self._handle)
def _send_bytes(self, buf):
ov, err = _winapi.WriteFile(self._handle, buf, overlapped=True)
try:
if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
waitres = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
[ov.event], False, INFINITE)
assert waitres == WAIT_OBJECT_0
except:
ov.cancel()
raise
finally:
nwritten, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
assert nwritten == len(buf)
def _recv_bytes(self, maxsize=None):
if self._got_empty_message:
self._got_empty_message = False
return io.BytesIO()
else:
bsize = 128 if maxsize is None else min(maxsize, 128)
try:
ov, err = _winapi.ReadFile(self._handle, bsize,
overlapped=True)
try:
if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
waitres = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
[ov.event], False, INFINITE)
assert waitres == WAIT_OBJECT_0
except:
ov.cancel()
raise
finally:
nread, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
if err == 0:
f = io.BytesIO()
f.write(ov.getbuffer())
return f
elif err == _winapi.ERROR_MORE_DATA:
return self._get_more_data(ov, maxsize)
except OSError as e:
if e.winerror == _winapi.ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE:
raise EOFError
else:
raise
raise RuntimeError("shouldn't get here; expected KeyboardInterrupt")
def _poll(self, timeout):
if (self._got_empty_message or
_winapi.PeekNamedPipe(self._handle)[0] != 0):
return True
return bool(wait([self], timeout))
def _get_more_data(self, ov, maxsize):
buf = ov.getbuffer()
f = io.BytesIO()
f.write(buf)
left = _winapi.PeekNamedPipe(self._handle)[1]
assert left > 0
if maxsize is not None and len(buf) + left > maxsize:
self._bad_message_length()
ov, err = _winapi.ReadFile(self._handle, left, overlapped=True)
rbytes, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
assert rbytes == left
f.write(ov.getbuffer())
return f
class Connection(_ConnectionBase):
"""
Connection class based on an arbitrary file descriptor (Unix only), or
a socket handle (Windows).
"""
if _winapi:
def _close(self, _close=_multiprocessing.closesocket):
_close(self._handle)
_write = _multiprocessing.send
_read = _multiprocessing.recv
else:
def _close(self, _close=os.close):
_close(self._handle)
_write = os.write
_read = os.read
def _send(self, buf, write=_write):
remaining = len(buf)
while True:
n = write(self._handle, buf)
remaining -= n
if remaining == 0:
break
buf = buf[n:]
def _recv(self, size, read=_read):
buf = io.BytesIO()
handle = self._handle
remaining = size
while remaining > 0:
chunk = read(handle, remaining)
n = len(chunk)
if n == 0:
if remaining == size:
raise EOFError
else:
raise OSError("got end of file during message")
buf.write(chunk)
remaining -= n
return buf
def _send_bytes(self, buf):
n = len(buf)
# For wire compatibility with 3.2 and lower
header = struct.pack("!i", n)
if n > 16384:
# The payload is large so Nagle's algorithm won't be triggered
# and we'd better avoid the cost of concatenation.
self._send(header)
self._send(buf)
else:
# Issue #20540: concatenate before sending, to avoid delays due
# to Nagle's algorithm on a TCP socket.
# Also note we want to avoid sending a 0-length buffer separately,
# to avoid "broken pipe" errors if the other end closed the pipe.
self._send(header + buf)
def _recv_bytes(self, maxsize=None):
buf = self._recv(4)
size, = struct.unpack("!i", buf.getvalue())
if maxsize is not None and size > maxsize:
return None
return self._recv(size)
def _poll(self, timeout):
r = wait([self], timeout)
return bool(r)
#
# Public functions
#
class Listener(object):
'''
Returns a listener object.
This is a wrapper for a bound socket which is 'listening' for
connections, or for a Windows named pipe.
'''
def __init__(self, address=None, family=None, backlog=1, authkey=None):
family = family or (address and address_type(address)) \
or default_family
address = address or arbitrary_address(family)
_validate_family(family)
if family == 'AF_PIPE':
self._listener = PipeListener(address, backlog)
else:
self._listener = SocketListener(address, family, backlog)
if authkey is not None and not isinstance(authkey, bytes):
raise TypeError('authkey should be a byte string')
self._authkey = authkey
def accept(self):
'''
Accept a connection on the bound socket or named pipe of `self`.
Returns a `Connection` object.
'''
if self._listener is None:
raise OSError('listener is closed')
c = self._listener.accept()
if self._authkey:
deliver_challenge(c, self._authkey)
answer_challenge(c, self._authkey)
return c
def close(self):
'''
Close the bound socket or named pipe of `self`.
'''
listener = self._listener
if listener is not None:
self._listener = None
listener.close()
address = property(lambda self: self._listener._address)
last_accepted = property(lambda self: self._listener._last_accepted)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
self.close()
def Client(address, family=None, authkey=None):
'''
Returns a connection to the address of a `Listener`
'''
family = family or address_type(address)
_validate_family(family)
if family == 'AF_PIPE':
c = PipeClient(address)
else:
c = SocketClient(address)
if authkey is not None and not isinstance(authkey, bytes):
raise TypeError('authkey should be a byte string')
if authkey is not None:
answer_challenge(c, authkey)
deliver_challenge(c, authkey)
return c
if sys.platform != 'win32':
def Pipe(duplex=True):
'''
Returns pair of connection objects at either end of a pipe
'''
if duplex:
s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
s1.setblocking(True)
s2.setblocking(True)
c1 = Connection(s1.detach())
c2 = Connection(s2.detach())
else:
fd1, fd2 = os.pipe()
c1 = Connection(fd1, writable=False)
c2 = Connection(fd2, readable=False)
return c1, c2
else:
def Pipe(duplex=True):
'''
Returns pair of connection objects at either end of a pipe
'''
address = arbitrary_address('AF_PIPE')
if duplex:
openmode = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX
access = _winapi.GENERIC_READ | _winapi.GENERIC_WRITE
obsize, ibsize = BUFSIZE, BUFSIZE
else:
openmode = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_INBOUND
access = _winapi.GENERIC_WRITE
obsize, ibsize = 0, BUFSIZE
h1 = _winapi.CreateNamedPipe(
address, openmode | _winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED |
_winapi.FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE,
_winapi.PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE |
_winapi.PIPE_WAIT,
1, obsize, ibsize, _winapi.NMPWAIT_WAIT_FOREVER,
# default security descriptor: the handle cannot be inherited
_winapi.NULL
)
h2 = _winapi.CreateFile(
address, access, 0, _winapi.NULL, _winapi.OPEN_EXISTING,
_winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, _winapi.NULL
)
_winapi.SetNamedPipeHandleState(
h2, _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE, None, None
)
overlapped = _winapi.ConnectNamedPipe(h1, overlapped=True)
_, err = overlapped.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
c1 = PipeConnection(h1, writable=duplex)
c2 = PipeConnection(h2, readable=duplex)
return c1, c2
#
# Definitions for connections based on sockets
#
class SocketListener(object):
'''
Representation of a socket which is bound to an address and listening
'''
def __init__(self, address, family, backlog=1):
self._socket = socket.socket(getattr(socket, family))
try:
# SO_REUSEADDR has different semantics on Windows (issue #2550).
if os.name == 'posix':
self._socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
self._socket.setblocking(True)
self._socket.bind(address)
self._socket.listen(backlog)
self._address = self._socket.getsockname()
except OSError:
self._socket.close()
raise
self._family = family
self._last_accepted = None
if family == 'AF_UNIX':
self._unlink = util.Finalize(
self, os.unlink, args=(address,), exitpriority=0
)
else:
self._unlink = None
def accept(self):
s, self._last_accepted = self._socket.accept()
s.setblocking(True)
return Connection(s.detach())
def close(self):
try:
self._socket.close()
finally:
unlink = self._unlink
if unlink is not None:
self._unlink = None
unlink()
def SocketClient(address):
'''
Return a connection object connected to the socket given by `address`
'''
family = address_type(address)
with socket.socket( getattr(socket, family) ) as s:
s.setblocking(True)
s.connect(address)
return Connection(s.detach())
#
# Definitions for connections based on named pipes
#
if sys.platform == 'win32':
class PipeListener(object):
'''
Representation of a named pipe
'''
def __init__(self, address, backlog=None):
self._address = address
self._handle_queue = [self._new_handle(first=True)]
self._last_accepted = None
util.sub_debug('listener created with address=%r', self._address)
self.close = util.Finalize(
self, PipeListener._finalize_pipe_listener,
args=(self._handle_queue, self._address), exitpriority=0
)
def _new_handle(self, first=False):
flags = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX | _winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED
if first:
flags |= _winapi.FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE
return _winapi.CreateNamedPipe(
self._address, flags,
_winapi.PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE |
_winapi.PIPE_WAIT,
_winapi.PIPE_UNLIMITED_INSTANCES, BUFSIZE, BUFSIZE,
_winapi.NMPWAIT_WAIT_FOREVER, _winapi.NULL
)
def accept(self):
self._handle_queue.append(self._new_handle())
handle = self._handle_queue.pop(0)
try:
ov = _winapi.ConnectNamedPipe(handle, overlapped=True)
except OSError as e:
if e.winerror != _winapi.ERROR_NO_DATA:
raise
# ERROR_NO_DATA can occur if a client has already connected,
# written data and then disconnected -- see Issue 14725.
else:
try:
res = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
[ov.event], False, INFINITE)
except:
ov.cancel()
_winapi.CloseHandle(handle)
raise
finally:
_, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
assert err == 0
return PipeConnection(handle)
@staticmethod
def _finalize_pipe_listener(queue, address):
util.sub_debug('closing listener with address=%r', address)
for handle in queue:
_winapi.CloseHandle(handle)
def PipeClient(address):
'''
Return a connection object connected to the pipe given by `address`
'''
t = _init_timeout()
while 1:
try:
_winapi.WaitNamedPipe(address, 1000)
h = _winapi.CreateFile(
address, _winapi.GENERIC_READ | _winapi.GENERIC_WRITE,
0, _winapi.NULL, _winapi.OPEN_EXISTING,
_winapi.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, _winapi.NULL
)
except OSError as e:
if e.winerror not in (_winapi.ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT,
_winapi.ERROR_PIPE_BUSY) or _check_timeout(t):
raise
else:
break
else:
raise
_winapi.SetNamedPipeHandleState(
h, _winapi.PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE, None, None
)
return PipeConnection(h)
#
# Authentication stuff
#
MESSAGE_LENGTH = 20
CHALLENGE = b'#CHALLENGE#'
WELCOME = b'#WELCOME#'
FAILURE = b'#FAILURE#'
def deliver_challenge(connection, authkey):
import hmac
assert isinstance(authkey, bytes)
message = os.urandom(MESSAGE_LENGTH)
connection.send_bytes(CHALLENGE + message)
digest = hmac.new(authkey, message, HMAC_DIGEST_NAME).digest()
response = connection.recv_bytes(256) # reject large message
if response == digest:
connection.send_bytes(WELCOME)
else:
connection.send_bytes(FAILURE)
raise AuthenticationError('digest received was wrong')
def answer_challenge(connection, authkey):
import hmac
assert isinstance(authkey, bytes)
message = connection.recv_bytes(256) # reject large message
assert message[:len(CHALLENGE)] == CHALLENGE, 'message = %r' % message
message = message[len(CHALLENGE):]
digest = hmac.new(authkey, message, HMAC_DIGEST_NAME).digest()
connection.send_bytes(digest)
response = connection.recv_bytes(256) # reject large message
if response != WELCOME:
raise AuthenticationError('digest sent was rejected')
#
# Support for using xmlrpclib for serialization
#
class ConnectionWrapper(object):
def __init__(self, conn, dumps, loads):
self._conn = conn
self._dumps = dumps
self._loads = loads
for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'poll', 'recv_bytes', 'send_bytes'):
obj = getattr(conn, attr)
setattr(self, attr, obj)
def send(self, obj):
s = self._dumps(obj)
self._conn.send_bytes(s)
def recv(self):
s = self._conn.recv_bytes()
return self._loads(s)
def _xml_dumps(obj):
return xmlrpclib.dumps((obj,), None, None, None, 1).encode('utf-8')
def _xml_loads(s):
(obj,), method = xmlrpclib.loads(s.decode('utf-8'))
return obj
class XmlListener(Listener):
def accept(self):
global xmlrpclib
import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
obj = Listener.accept(self)
return ConnectionWrapper(obj, _xml_dumps, _xml_loads)
def XmlClient(*args, **kwds):
global xmlrpclib
import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
return ConnectionWrapper(Client(*args, **kwds), _xml_dumps, _xml_loads)
#
# Wait
#
if sys.platform == 'win32':
def _exhaustive_wait(handles, timeout):
# Return ALL handles which are currently signalled. (Only
# returning the first signalled might create starvation issues.)
L = list(handles)
ready = []
while L:
res = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(L, False, timeout)
if res == WAIT_TIMEOUT:
break
elif WAIT_OBJECT_0 <= res < WAIT_OBJECT_0 + len(L):
res -= WAIT_OBJECT_0
elif WAIT_ABANDONED_0 <= res < WAIT_ABANDONED_0 + len(L):
res -= WAIT_ABANDONED_0
else:
raise RuntimeError('Should not get here')
ready.append(L[res])
L = L[res+1:]
timeout = 0
return ready
_ready_errors = {_winapi.ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE, _winapi.ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED}
def wait(object_list, timeout=None):
'''
Wait till an object in object_list is ready/readable.
Returns list of those objects in object_list which are ready/readable.
'''
if timeout is None:
timeout = INFINITE
elif timeout < 0:
timeout = 0
else:
timeout = int(timeout * 1000 + 0.5)
object_list = list(object_list)
waithandle_to_obj = {}
ov_list = []
ready_objects = set()
ready_handles = set()
try:
for o in object_list:
try:
fileno = getattr(o, 'fileno')
except AttributeError:
waithandle_to_obj[o.__index__()] = o
else:
# start an overlapped read of length zero
try:
ov, err = _winapi.ReadFile(fileno(), 0, True)
except OSError as e:
ov, err = None, e.winerror
if err not in _ready_errors:
raise
if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
ov_list.append(ov)
waithandle_to_obj[ov.event] = o
else:
# If o.fileno() is an overlapped pipe handle and
# err == 0 then there is a zero length message
# in the pipe, but it HAS NOT been consumed...
if ov and sys.getwindowsversion()[:2] >= (6, 2):
# ... except on Windows 8 and later, where
# the message HAS been consumed.
try:
_, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(False)
except OSError as e:
err = e.winerror
if not err and hasattr(o, '_got_empty_message'):
o._got_empty_message = True
ready_objects.add(o)
timeout = 0
ready_handles = _exhaustive_wait(waithandle_to_obj.keys(), timeout)
finally:
# request that overlapped reads stop
for ov in ov_list:
ov.cancel()
# wait for all overlapped reads to stop
for ov in ov_list:
try:
_, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
except OSError as e:
err = e.winerror
if err not in _ready_errors:
raise
if err != _winapi.ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED:
o = waithandle_to_obj[ov.event]
ready_objects.add(o)
if err == 0:
# If o.fileno() is an overlapped pipe handle then
# a zero length message HAS been consumed.
if hasattr(o, '_got_empty_message'):
o._got_empty_message = True
ready_objects.update(waithandle_to_obj[h] for h in ready_handles)
return [o for o in object_list if o in ready_objects]
else:
import selectors
# poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file
# descriptor, contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single
# syscall).
if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'):
_WaitSelector = selectors.PollSelector
else:
_WaitSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
def wait(object_list, timeout=None):
'''
Wait till an object in object_list is ready/readable.
Returns list of those objects in object_list which are ready/readable.
'''
with _WaitSelector() as selector:
for obj in object_list:
selector.register(obj, selectors.EVENT_READ)
if timeout is not None:
deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
while True:
ready = selector.select(timeout)
if ready:
return [key.fileobj for (key, events) in ready]
else:
if timeout is not None:
timeout = deadline - time.monotonic()
if timeout < 0:
return ready
#
# Make connection and socket objects sharable if possible
#
if sys.platform == 'win32':
def reduce_connection(conn):
handle = conn.fileno()
with socket.fromfd(handle, socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
from . import resource_sharer
ds = resource_sharer.DupSocket(s)
return rebuild_connection, (ds, conn.readable, conn.writable)
def rebuild_connection(ds, readable, writable):
sock = ds.detach()
return Connection(sock.detach(), readable, writable)
reduction.register(Connection, reduce_connection)
def reduce_pipe_connection(conn):
access = ((_winapi.FILE_GENERIC_READ if conn.readable else 0) |
(_winapi.FILE_GENERIC_WRITE if conn.writable else 0))
dh = reduction.DupHandle(conn.fileno(), access)
return rebuild_pipe_connection, (dh, conn.readable, conn.writable)
def rebuild_pipe_connection(dh, readable, writable):
handle = dh.detach()
return PipeConnection(handle, readable, writable)
reduction.register(PipeConnection, reduce_pipe_connection)
else:
def reduce_connection(conn):
df = reduction.DupFd(conn.fileno())
return rebuild_connection, (df, conn.readable, conn.writable)
def rebuild_connection(df, readable, writable):
fd = df.detach()
return Connection(fd, readable, writable)
reduction.register(Connection, reduce_connection)
Life is a race … If you don’t run fast…
you will be like a broken andaa… Viru Sahastrabudhhe
We Do Unconventional
Things for your business
Scroll Down
Life is a race … If you don’t run fast…
you will be like a broken andaa… Viru Sahastrabudhhe
We Do
Unconventional
Things for your business
Scroll Down
Bored Of Old School Strategies?
Conventional strategies do no justice to complex modern problems. Bringing in kickass blueprints to escalate your exclusive ideas to the growth trajectory.
Falling In Love With Your Problems
Your problems are our play! You get to decide which ‘solutions’ feel like an astounding fuck yes!
Discover pitch-perfect marketing strategies to deliver complex ideas into simplified solutions.
Diversity in our problem solving approach makes us who we are!
For us every client and their offerings are unique. We offer tailored and hot-off-the-press strategies to produce a unique brand identity. Listening, evolving, and promoting your articles of faith is what makes our work kickass and compelling too!
Arise, awake, and stop not until the goal is achieved
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
Creativity is seeing the same thing but thinking differently
Christopher Columbus
By prevailing over all obstacles one may unfailingly arrive at his chosen goal.
JRD Tata
Uncommon thinkers reuse what common thinkers refuse.
Lead The Way With Your New Digital Partners
Waiting to get viral? Don’t worry we’ve got your back!
Leading your way through business acumen and business strategies tailored to your needs.
Handholding you since your first lightbulb moment to making a mark in the industry through unique formulas. Bringing unexpected things to the table is in our DNA.
Producing Tailored Solutions
One solution for multiple solutions is hard to swallow. Creating tailored solutions for your unique problems
Setting Benchmarks
Doesn’t carving a path for others give the best kick ever?
Making A Difference
You can’t wait for a case study. You will be too late!
Polscy gracze coraz częściej wybierają kasyno bez weryfikacji przy wypłacie bez ukrytych opłat, aby cieszyć się szybkim dostępem do gier i przejrzystymi warunkami wypłaty wygranych. Tego typu platformy stawiają na uproszczoną rejestrację, nowoczesne metody płatności oraz jasne zasady dotyczące transakcji. Przed rozpoczęciem gry warto zapoznać się z opiniami innych użytkowników, aby ocenić jakość obsługi i niezawodność serwisu.
Jeśli chcesz znaleźć rzetelne opinie oraz porównać najlepsze platformy, casino Revolut Pay może pomóc Ci podjąć świadomą decyzję. Znajdziesz tam recenzje użytkowników, szczegóły bonusów oraz informacje o wpłatach i wypłatach w kasynach akceptujących Revolut.
People searching for gerçek canlı casino usually mean live-dealer roulette, blackjack, baccarat, or game-show tables streamed from a studio with a real dealer, rather than an RNG-only game. To assess authenticity, verify the operator’s licence directly with the regulator, check the named game provider and studio, look for clear rules and table limits, inspect withdrawal terms, and confirm that the service is legal in your jurisdiction; a foreign licence does not automatically make an operator legal in Türkiye.
[canlı casino lisans rehberi](https://guvenilircanlicasinos.com/)[gerçek krupiyeli oyunlar](https://www.livecasinos.com/tr/) [guvenilircanlicasinos](https://guvenilircanlicasinos.com/)
Many Dutch players now look for beste online casino iDEAL to benefit from secure iDEAL deposits, low minimum stakes, and quick withdrawals. These casinos integrate trusted Dutch payment infrastructure with streamlined cashout systems, ideal for users who value speed, simplicity, and transparent transactions. By consulting authentic player reviews, gamblers can identify sites that consistently deliver rapid payouts and a seamless gaming experience.
Gli online casinos with bancoposta sono principalmente operatori che accettano la carta Visa o Mastercard collegata al conto BancoPosta per depositi e, in alcuni casi, prelievi. Tra i nomi più citati in Italia figurano 888casino, SNAI, LeoVegas, Planetwin365, Gioco Digitale, Sisal e StarCasinò, con depositi minimi spesso tra 10€ e 20€ e limiti massimi che possono arrivare a diverse migliaia di euro. Per utilizzare la carta, di solito basta selezionare Visa o Mastercard alla cassa, inserire i dati della carta BancoPosta e completare la verifica 3D Secure; i prelievi possono tornare sulla stessa carta o sul conto tramite bonifico, con tempi tipici da 24 ore a 3–5 giorni lavorativi.
Gracze poszukujący sprawdzonych platform często wybierają kasyno niemcy, które oferuje przejrzyste zasady wypłat i bezpieczne metody płatności. Przed rejestracją warto porównać limity transakcji, czas realizacji przelewów oraz dostępne opcje wpłat, aby uniknąć niepotrzebnych opóźnień. Opinie innych użytkowników mogą pomóc ocenić rzetelność obsługi, jakość gier i ogólny komfort korzystania z platformy.
Oferty określane jako zagraniczne kasyna bonus bez depozytu mogą obejmować darmowe spiny lub niewielkie środki promocyjne przyznawane po rejestracji i weryfikacji konta. Przed skorzystaniem z promocji należy dokładnie sprawdzić wymagania obrotu, maksymalną wypłatę, czas ważności bonusu oraz ograniczenia dla użytkowników z Polski. Zagraniczna licencja nie legalizuje automatycznie działalności hazardowej w Polsce, dlatego warto zweryfikować operatora w oficjalnych źródłach i grać odpowiedzialnie .
