"""An FTP client class and some helper functions.
Based on RFC 959: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), by J. Postel and J. Reynolds
Example:
>>> from ftplib import FTP
>>> ftp = FTP('ftp.python.org') # connect to host, default port
>>> ftp.login() # default, i.e.: user anonymous, passwd anonymous@
'230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.'
>>> ftp.retrlines('LIST') # list directory contents
total 9
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 .
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 etc
d-wxrwxr-x 2 ftp wheel 1024 Sep 5 13:43 incoming
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Nov 17 1993 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 1094 wheel 1024 Sep 13 19:07 pub
drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 usr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Aug 1 1994 welcome.msg
'226 Transfer complete.'
>>> ftp.quit()
'221 Goodbye.'
>>>
A nice test that reveals some of the network dialogue would be:
python ftplib.py -d localhost -l -p -l
"""
#
# Changes and improvements suggested by Steve Majewski.
# Modified by Jack to work on the mac.
# Modified by Siebren to support docstrings and PASV.
# Modified by Phil Schwartz to add storbinary and storlines callbacks.
# Modified by Giampaolo Rodola' to add TLS support.
#
import sys
import socket
from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
__all__ = ["FTP", "error_reply", "error_temp", "error_perm", "error_proto",
"all_errors"]
# Magic number from <socket.h>
MSG_OOB = 0x1 # Process data out of band
# The standard FTP server control port
FTP_PORT = 21
# The sizehint parameter passed to readline() calls
MAXLINE = 8192
# Exception raised when an error or invalid response is received
class Error(Exception): pass
class error_reply(Error): pass # unexpected [123]xx reply
class error_temp(Error): pass # 4xx errors
class error_perm(Error): pass # 5xx errors
class error_proto(Error): pass # response does not begin with [1-5]
# All exceptions (hopefully) that may be raised here and that aren't
# (always) programming errors on our side
all_errors = (Error, OSError, EOFError)
# Line terminators (we always output CRLF, but accept any of CRLF, CR, LF)
CRLF = '\r\n'
B_CRLF = b'\r\n'
# The class itself
class FTP:
'''An FTP client class.
To create a connection, call the class using these arguments:
host, user, passwd, acct, timeout, source_address, encoding
The first four arguments are all strings, and have default value ''.
The parameter ´timeout´ must be numeric and defaults to None if not
passed, meaning that no timeout will be set on any ftp socket(s).
If a timeout is passed, then this is now the default timeout for all ftp
socket operations for this instance.
The last parameter is the encoding of filenames, which defaults to utf-8.
Then use self.connect() with optional host and port argument.
To download a file, use ftp.retrlines('RETR ' + filename),
or ftp.retrbinary() with slightly different arguments.
To upload a file, use ftp.storlines() or ftp.storbinary(),
which have an open file as argument (see their definitions
below for details).
The download/upload functions first issue appropriate TYPE
and PORT or PASV commands.
'''
debugging = 0
host = ''
port = FTP_PORT
maxline = MAXLINE
sock = None
file = None
welcome = None
passiveserver = True
# Disables https://bugs.python.org/issue43285 security if set to True.
trust_server_pasv_ipv4_address = False
def __init__(self, host='', user='', passwd='', acct='',
timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None, *,
encoding='utf-8'):
"""Initialization method (called by class instantiation).
Initialize host to localhost, port to standard ftp port.
Optional arguments are host (for connect()),
and user, passwd, acct (for login()).
"""
self.encoding = encoding
self.source_address = source_address
self.timeout = timeout
if host:
self.connect(host)
if user:
self.login(user, passwd, acct)
def __enter__(self):
return self
# Context management protocol: try to quit() if active
def __exit__(self, *args):
if self.sock is not None:
try:
self.quit()
except (OSError, EOFError):
pass
finally:
if self.sock is not None:
self.close()
def connect(self, host='', port=0, timeout=-999, source_address=None):
'''Connect to host. Arguments are:
- host: hostname to connect to (string, default previous host)
- port: port to connect to (integer, default previous port)
- timeout: the timeout to set against the ftp socket(s)
- source_address: a 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind
to as its source address before connecting.
'''
if host != '':
self.host = host
if port > 0:
self.port = port
if timeout != -999:
self.timeout = timeout
if self.timeout is not None and not self.timeout:
raise ValueError('Non-blocking socket (timeout=0) is not supported')
if source_address is not None:
self.source_address = source_address
sys.audit("ftplib.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
self.sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), self.timeout,
source_address=self.source_address)
self.af = self.sock.family
self.file = self.sock.makefile('r', encoding=self.encoding)
self.welcome = self.getresp()
return self.welcome
def getwelcome(self):
'''Get the welcome message from the server.
(this is read and squirreled away by connect())'''
if self.debugging:
print('*welcome*', self.sanitize(self.welcome))
return self.welcome
def set_debuglevel(self, level):
'''Set the debugging level.
The required argument level means:
0: no debugging output (default)
1: print commands and responses but not body text etc.
2: also print raw lines read and sent before stripping CR/LF'''
self.debugging = level
debug = set_debuglevel
def set_pasv(self, val):
'''Use passive or active mode for data transfers.
With a false argument, use the normal PORT mode,
With a true argument, use the PASV command.'''
self.passiveserver = val
# Internal: "sanitize" a string for printing
def sanitize(self, s):
if s[:5] in {'pass ', 'PASS '}:
i = len(s.rstrip('\r\n'))
s = s[:5] + '*'*(i-5) + s[i:]
return repr(s)
# Internal: send one line to the server, appending CRLF
def putline(self, line):
if '\r' in line or '\n' in line:
raise ValueError('an illegal newline character should not be contained')
sys.audit("ftplib.sendcmd", self, line)
line = line + CRLF
if self.debugging > 1:
print('*put*', self.sanitize(line))
self.sock.sendall(line.encode(self.encoding))
# Internal: send one command to the server (through putline())
def putcmd(self, line):
if self.debugging: print('*cmd*', self.sanitize(line))
self.putline(line)
# Internal: return one line from the server, stripping CRLF.
# Raise EOFError if the connection is closed
def getline(self):
line = self.file.readline(self.maxline + 1)
if len(line) > self.maxline:
raise Error("got more than %d bytes" % self.maxline)
if self.debugging > 1:
print('*get*', self.sanitize(line))
if not line:
raise EOFError
if line[-2:] == CRLF:
line = line[:-2]
elif line[-1:] in CRLF:
line = line[:-1]
return line
# Internal: get a response from the server, which may possibly
# consist of multiple lines. Return a single string with no
# trailing CRLF. If the response consists of multiple lines,
# these are separated by '\n' characters in the string
def getmultiline(self):
line = self.getline()
if line[3:4] == '-':
code = line[:3]
while 1:
nextline = self.getline()
line = line + ('\n' + nextline)
if nextline[:3] == code and \
nextline[3:4] != '-':
break
return line
# Internal: get a response from the server.
# Raise various errors if the response indicates an error
def getresp(self):
resp = self.getmultiline()
if self.debugging:
print('*resp*', self.sanitize(resp))
self.lastresp = resp[:3]
c = resp[:1]
if c in {'1', '2', '3'}:
return resp
if c == '4':
raise error_temp(resp)
if c == '5':
raise error_perm(resp)
raise error_proto(resp)
def voidresp(self):
"""Expect a response beginning with '2'."""
resp = self.getresp()
if resp[:1] != '2':
raise error_reply(resp)
return resp
def abort(self):
'''Abort a file transfer. Uses out-of-band data.
This does not follow the procedure from the RFC to send Telnet
IP and Synch; that doesn't seem to work with the servers I've
tried. Instead, just send the ABOR command as OOB data.'''
line = b'ABOR' + B_CRLF
if self.debugging > 1:
print('*put urgent*', self.sanitize(line))
self.sock.sendall(line, MSG_OOB)
resp = self.getmultiline()
if resp[:3] not in {'426', '225', '226'}:
raise error_proto(resp)
return resp
def sendcmd(self, cmd):
'''Send a command and return the response.'''
self.putcmd(cmd)
return self.getresp()
def voidcmd(self, cmd):
"""Send a command and expect a response beginning with '2'."""
self.putcmd(cmd)
return self.voidresp()
def sendport(self, host, port):
'''Send a PORT command with the current host and the given
port number.
'''
hbytes = host.split('.')
pbytes = [repr(port//256), repr(port%256)]
bytes = hbytes + pbytes
cmd = 'PORT ' + ','.join(bytes)
return self.voidcmd(cmd)
def sendeprt(self, host, port):
'''Send an EPRT command with the current host and the given port number.'''
af = 0
if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
af = 1
if self.af == socket.AF_INET6:
af = 2
if af == 0:
raise error_proto('unsupported address family')
fields = ['', repr(af), host, repr(port), '']
cmd = 'EPRT ' + '|'.join(fields)
return self.voidcmd(cmd)
def makeport(self):
'''Create a new socket and send a PORT command for it.'''
sock = socket.create_server(("", 0), family=self.af, backlog=1)
port = sock.getsockname()[1] # Get proper port
host = self.sock.getsockname()[0] # Get proper host
if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
resp = self.sendport(host, port)
else:
resp = self.sendeprt(host, port)
if self.timeout is not _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
return sock
def makepasv(self):
"""Internal: Does the PASV or EPSV handshake -> (address, port)"""
if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
untrusted_host, port = parse227(self.sendcmd('PASV'))
if self.trust_server_pasv_ipv4_address:
host = untrusted_host
else:
host = self.sock.getpeername()[0]
else:
host, port = parse229(self.sendcmd('EPSV'), self.sock.getpeername())
return host, port
def ntransfercmd(self, cmd, rest=None):
"""Initiate a transfer over the data connection.
If the transfer is active, send a port command and the
transfer command, and accept the connection. If the server is
passive, send a pasv command, connect to it, and start the
transfer command. Either way, return the socket for the
connection and the expected size of the transfer. The
expected size may be None if it could not be determined.
Optional `rest' argument can be a string that is sent as the
argument to a REST command. This is essentially a server
marker used to tell the server to skip over any data up to the
given marker.
"""
size = None
if self.passiveserver:
host, port = self.makepasv()
conn = socket.create_connection((host, port), self.timeout,
source_address=self.source_address)
try:
if rest is not None:
self.sendcmd("REST %s" % rest)
resp = self.sendcmd(cmd)
# Some servers apparently send a 200 reply to
# a LIST or STOR command, before the 150 reply
# (and way before the 226 reply). This seems to
# be in violation of the protocol (which only allows
# 1xx or error messages for LIST), so we just discard
# this response.
if resp[0] == '2':
resp = self.getresp()
if resp[0] != '1':
raise error_reply(resp)
except:
conn.close()
raise
else:
with self.makeport() as sock:
if rest is not None:
self.sendcmd("REST %s" % rest)
resp = self.sendcmd(cmd)
# See above.
if resp[0] == '2':
resp = self.getresp()
if resp[0] != '1':
raise error_reply(resp)
conn, sockaddr = sock.accept()
if self.timeout is not _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
conn.settimeout(self.timeout)
if resp[:3] == '150':
# this is conditional in case we received a 125
size = parse150(resp)
return conn, size
def transfercmd(self, cmd, rest=None):
"""Like ntransfercmd() but returns only the socket."""
return self.ntransfercmd(cmd, rest)[0]
def login(self, user = '', passwd = '', acct = ''):
'''Login, default anonymous.'''
if not user:
user = 'anonymous'
if not passwd:
passwd = ''
if not acct:
acct = ''
if user == 'anonymous' and passwd in {'', '-'}:
# If there is no anonymous ftp password specified
# then we'll just use anonymous@
# We don't send any other thing because:
# - We want to remain anonymous
# - We want to stop SPAM
# - We don't want to let ftp sites to discriminate by the user,
# host or country.
passwd = passwd + 'anonymous@'
resp = self.sendcmd('USER ' + user)
if resp[0] == '3':
resp = self.sendcmd('PASS ' + passwd)
if resp[0] == '3':
resp = self.sendcmd('ACCT ' + acct)
if resp[0] != '2':
raise error_reply(resp)
return resp
def retrbinary(self, cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None):
"""Retrieve data in binary mode. A new port is created for you.
Args:
cmd: A RETR command.
callback: A single parameter callable to be called on each
block of data read.
blocksize: The maximum number of bytes to read from the
socket at one time. [default: 8192]
rest: Passed to transfercmd(). [default: None]
Returns:
The response code.
"""
self.voidcmd('TYPE I')
with self.transfercmd(cmd, rest) as conn:
while 1:
data = conn.recv(blocksize)
if not data:
break
callback(data)
# shutdown ssl layer
if _SSLSocket is not None and isinstance(conn, _SSLSocket):
conn.unwrap()
return self.voidresp()
def retrlines(self, cmd, callback = None):
"""Retrieve data in line mode. A new port is created for you.
Args:
cmd: A RETR, LIST, or NLST command.
callback: An optional single parameter callable that is called
for each line with the trailing CRLF stripped.
[default: print_line()]
Returns:
The response code.
"""
if callback is None:
callback = print_line
resp = self.sendcmd('TYPE A')
with self.transfercmd(cmd) as conn, \
conn.makefile('r', encoding=self.encoding) as fp:
while 1:
line = fp.readline(self.maxline + 1)
if len(line) > self.maxline:
raise Error("got more than %d bytes" % self.maxline)
if self.debugging > 2:
print('*retr*', repr(line))
if not line:
break
if line[-2:] == CRLF:
line = line[:-2]
elif line[-1:] == '\n':
line = line[:-1]
callback(line)
# shutdown ssl layer
if _SSLSocket is not None and isinstance(conn, _SSLSocket):
conn.unwrap()
return self.voidresp()
def storbinary(self, cmd, fp, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None):
"""Store a file in binary mode. A new port is created for you.
Args:
cmd: A STOR command.
fp: A file-like object with a read(num_bytes) method.
blocksize: The maximum data size to read from fp and send over
the connection at once. [default: 8192]
callback: An optional single parameter callable that is called on
each block of data after it is sent. [default: None]
rest: Passed to transfercmd(). [default: None]
Returns:
The response code.
"""
self.voidcmd('TYPE I')
with self.transfercmd(cmd, rest) as conn:
while 1:
buf = fp.read(blocksize)
if not buf:
break
conn.sendall(buf)
if callback:
callback(buf)
# shutdown ssl layer
if _SSLSocket is not None and isinstance(conn, _SSLSocket):
conn.unwrap()
return self.voidresp()
def storlines(self, cmd, fp, callback=None):
"""Store a file in line mode. A new port is created for you.
Args:
cmd: A STOR command.
fp: A file-like object with a readline() method.
callback: An optional single parameter callable that is called on
each line after it is sent. [default: None]
Returns:
The response code.
"""
self.voidcmd('TYPE A')
with self.transfercmd(cmd) as conn:
while 1:
buf = fp.readline(self.maxline + 1)
if len(buf) > self.maxline:
raise Error("got more than %d bytes" % self.maxline)
if not buf:
break
if buf[-2:] != B_CRLF:
if buf[-1] in B_CRLF: buf = buf[:-1]
buf = buf + B_CRLF
conn.sendall(buf)
if callback:
callback(buf)
# shutdown ssl layer
if _SSLSocket is not None and isinstance(conn, _SSLSocket):
conn.unwrap()
return self.voidresp()
def acct(self, password):
'''Send new account name.'''
cmd = 'ACCT ' + password
return self.voidcmd(cmd)
def nlst(self, *args):
'''Return a list of files in a given directory (default the current).'''
cmd = 'NLST'
for arg in args:
cmd = cmd + (' ' + arg)
files = []
self.retrlines(cmd, files.append)
return files
def dir(self, *args):
'''List a directory in long form.
By default list current directory to stdout.
Optional last argument is callback function; all
non-empty arguments before it are concatenated to the
LIST command. (This *should* only be used for a pathname.)'''
cmd = 'LIST'
func = None
if args[-1:] and type(args[-1]) != type(''):
args, func = args[:-1], args[-1]
for arg in args:
if arg:
cmd = cmd + (' ' + arg)
self.retrlines(cmd, func)
def mlsd(self, path="", facts=[]):
'''List a directory in a standardized format by using MLSD
command (RFC-3659). If path is omitted the current directory
is assumed. "facts" is a list of strings representing the type
of information desired (e.g. ["type", "size", "perm"]).
Return a generator object yielding a tuple of two elements
for every file found in path.
First element is the file name, the second one is a dictionary
including a variable number of "facts" depending on the server
and whether "facts" argument has been provided.
'''
if facts:
self.sendcmd("OPTS MLST " + ";".join(facts) + ";")
if path:
cmd = "MLSD %s" % path
else:
cmd = "MLSD"
lines = []
self.retrlines(cmd, lines.append)
for line in lines:
facts_found, _, name = line.rstrip(CRLF).partition(' ')
entry = {}
for fact in facts_found[:-1].split(";"):
key, _, value = fact.partition("=")
entry[key.lower()] = value
yield (name, entry)
def rename(self, fromname, toname):
'''Rename a file.'''
resp = self.sendcmd('RNFR ' + fromname)
if resp[0] != '3':
raise error_reply(resp)
return self.voidcmd('RNTO ' + toname)
def delete(self, filename):
'''Delete a file.'''
resp = self.sendcmd('DELE ' + filename)
if resp[:3] in {'250', '200'}:
return resp
else:
raise error_reply(resp)
def cwd(self, dirname):
'''Change to a directory.'''
if dirname == '..':
try:
return self.voidcmd('CDUP')
except error_perm as msg:
if msg.args[0][:3] != '500':
raise
elif dirname == '':
dirname = '.' # does nothing, but could return error
cmd = 'CWD ' + dirname
return self.voidcmd(cmd)
def size(self, filename):
'''Retrieve the size of a file.'''
# The SIZE command is defined in RFC-3659
resp = self.sendcmd('SIZE ' + filename)
if resp[:3] == '213':
s = resp[3:].strip()
return int(s)
def mkd(self, dirname):
'''Make a directory, return its full pathname.'''
resp = self.voidcmd('MKD ' + dirname)
# fix around non-compliant implementations such as IIS shipped
# with Windows server 2003
if not resp.startswith('257'):
return ''
return parse257(resp)
def rmd(self, dirname):
'''Remove a directory.'''
return self.voidcmd('RMD ' + dirname)
def pwd(self):
'''Return current working directory.'''
resp = self.voidcmd('PWD')
# fix around non-compliant implementations such as IIS shipped
# with Windows server 2003
if not resp.startswith('257'):
return ''
return parse257(resp)
def quit(self):
'''Quit, and close the connection.'''
resp = self.voidcmd('QUIT')
self.close()
return resp
def close(self):
'''Close the connection without assuming anything about it.'''
try:
file = self.file
self.file = None
if file is not None:
file.close()
finally:
sock = self.sock
self.sock = None
if sock is not None:
sock.close()
try:
import ssl
except ImportError:
_SSLSocket = None
else:
_SSLSocket = ssl.SSLSocket
class FTP_TLS(FTP):
'''A FTP subclass which adds TLS support to FTP as described
in RFC-4217.
Connect as usual to port 21 implicitly securing the FTP control
connection before authenticating.
Securing the data connection requires user to explicitly ask
for it by calling prot_p() method.
Usage example:
>>> from ftplib import FTP_TLS
>>> ftps = FTP_TLS('ftp.python.org')
>>> ftps.login() # login anonymously previously securing control channel
'230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.'
>>> ftps.prot_p() # switch to secure data connection
'200 Protection level set to P'
>>> ftps.retrlines('LIST') # list directory content securely
total 9
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 .
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 etc
d-wxrwxr-x 2 ftp wheel 1024 Sep 5 13:43 incoming
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1024 Nov 17 1993 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 1094 wheel 1024 Sep 13 19:07 pub
drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 1024 Jan 3 1994 usr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 312 Aug 1 1994 welcome.msg
'226 Transfer complete.'
>>> ftps.quit()
'221 Goodbye.'
>>>
'''
ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
def __init__(self, host='', user='', passwd='', acct='',
keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None,
timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None, *,
encoding='utf-8'):
if context is not None and keyfile is not None:
raise ValueError("context and keyfile arguments are mutually "
"exclusive")
if context is not None and certfile is not None:
raise ValueError("context and certfile arguments are mutually "
"exclusive")
if keyfile is not None or certfile is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn("keyfile and certfile are deprecated, use a "
"custom context instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
self.keyfile = keyfile
self.certfile = certfile
if context is None:
context = ssl._create_stdlib_context(self.ssl_version,
certfile=certfile,
keyfile=keyfile)
self.context = context
self._prot_p = False
super().__init__(host, user, passwd, acct,
timeout, source_address, encoding=encoding)
def login(self, user='', passwd='', acct='', secure=True):
if secure and not isinstance(self.sock, ssl.SSLSocket):
self.auth()
return super().login(user, passwd, acct)
def auth(self):
'''Set up secure control connection by using TLS/SSL.'''
if isinstance(self.sock, ssl.SSLSocket):
raise ValueError("Already using TLS")
if self.ssl_version >= ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS:
resp = self.voidcmd('AUTH TLS')
else:
resp = self.voidcmd('AUTH SSL')
self.sock = self.context.wrap_socket(self.sock, server_hostname=self.host)
self.file = self.sock.makefile(mode='r', encoding=self.encoding)
return resp
def ccc(self):
'''Switch back to a clear-text control connection.'''
if not isinstance(self.sock, ssl.SSLSocket):
raise ValueError("not using TLS")
resp = self.voidcmd('CCC')
self.sock = self.sock.unwrap()
return resp
def prot_p(self):
'''Set up secure data connection.'''
# PROT defines whether or not the data channel is to be protected.
# Though RFC-2228 defines four possible protection levels,
# RFC-4217 only recommends two, Clear and Private.
# Clear (PROT C) means that no security is to be used on the
# data-channel, Private (PROT P) means that the data-channel
# should be protected by TLS.
# PBSZ command MUST still be issued, but must have a parameter of
# '0' to indicate that no buffering is taking place and the data
# connection should not be encapsulated.
self.voidcmd('PBSZ 0')
resp = self.voidcmd('PROT P')
self._prot_p = True
return resp
def prot_c(self):
'''Set up clear text data connection.'''
resp = self.voidcmd('PROT C')
self._prot_p = False
return resp
# --- Overridden FTP methods
def ntransfercmd(self, cmd, rest=None):
conn, size = super().ntransfercmd(cmd, rest)
if self._prot_p:
conn = self.context.wrap_socket(conn,
server_hostname=self.host)
return conn, size
def abort(self):
# overridden as we can't pass MSG_OOB flag to sendall()
line = b'ABOR' + B_CRLF
self.sock.sendall(line)
resp = self.getmultiline()
if resp[:3] not in {'426', '225', '226'}:
raise error_proto(resp)
return resp
__all__.append('FTP_TLS')
all_errors = (Error, OSError, EOFError, ssl.SSLError)
_150_re = None
def parse150(resp):
'''Parse the '150' response for a RETR request.
Returns the expected transfer size or None; size is not guaranteed to
be present in the 150 message.
'''
if resp[:3] != '150':
raise error_reply(resp)
global _150_re
if _150_re is None:
import re
_150_re = re.compile(
r"150 .* \((\d+) bytes\)", re.IGNORECASE | re.ASCII)
m = _150_re.match(resp)
if not m:
return None
return int(m.group(1))
_227_re = None
def parse227(resp):
'''Parse the '227' response for a PASV request.
Raises error_proto if it does not contain '(h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2)'
Return ('host.addr.as.numbers', port#) tuple.'''
if resp[:3] != '227':
raise error_reply(resp)
global _227_re
if _227_re is None:
import re
_227_re = re.compile(r'(\d+),(\d+),(\d+),(\d+),(\d+),(\d+)', re.ASCII)
m = _227_re.search(resp)
if not m:
raise error_proto(resp)
numbers = m.groups()
host = '.'.join(numbers[:4])
port = (int(numbers[4]) << 8) + int(numbers[5])
return host, port
def parse229(resp, peer):
'''Parse the '229' response for an EPSV request.
Raises error_proto if it does not contain '(|||port|)'
Return ('host.addr.as.numbers', port#) tuple.'''
if resp[:3] != '229':
raise error_reply(resp)
left = resp.find('(')
if left < 0: raise error_proto(resp)
right = resp.find(')', left + 1)
if right < 0:
raise error_proto(resp) # should contain '(|||port|)'
if resp[left + 1] != resp[right - 1]:
raise error_proto(resp)
parts = resp[left + 1:right].split(resp[left+1])
if len(parts) != 5:
raise error_proto(resp)
host = peer[0]
port = int(parts[3])
return host, port
def parse257(resp):
'''Parse the '257' response for a MKD or PWD request.
This is a response to a MKD or PWD request: a directory name.
Returns the directoryname in the 257 reply.'''
if resp[:3] != '257':
raise error_reply(resp)
if resp[3:5] != ' "':
return '' # Not compliant to RFC 959, but UNIX ftpd does this
dirname = ''
i = 5
n = len(resp)
while i < n:
c = resp[i]
i = i+1
if c == '"':
if i >= n or resp[i] != '"':
break
i = i+1
dirname = dirname + c
return dirname
def print_line(line):
'''Default retrlines callback to print a line.'''
print(line)
def ftpcp(source, sourcename, target, targetname = '', type = 'I'):
'''Copy file from one FTP-instance to another.'''
if not targetname:
targetname = sourcename
type = 'TYPE ' + type
source.voidcmd(type)
target.voidcmd(type)
sourcehost, sourceport = parse227(source.sendcmd('PASV'))
target.sendport(sourcehost, sourceport)
# RFC 959: the user must "listen" [...] BEFORE sending the
# transfer request.
# So: STOR before RETR, because here the target is a "user".
treply = target.sendcmd('STOR ' + targetname)
if treply[:3] not in {'125', '150'}:
raise error_proto # RFC 959
sreply = source.sendcmd('RETR ' + sourcename)
if sreply[:3] not in {'125', '150'}:
raise error_proto # RFC 959
source.voidresp()
target.voidresp()
def test():
'''Test program.
Usage: ftplib [-d] [-r[file]] host [-l[dir]] [-d[dir]] [-p] [file] ...
Options:
-d increase debugging level
-r[file] set alternate ~/.netrc file
Commands:
-l[dir] list directory
-d[dir] change the current directory
-p toggle passive and active mode
file retrieve the file and write it to stdout
'''
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print(test.__doc__)
sys.exit(0)
import netrc
debugging = 0
rcfile = None
while sys.argv[1] == '-d':
debugging = debugging+1
del sys.argv[1]
if sys.argv[1][:2] == '-r':
# get name of alternate ~/.netrc file:
rcfile = sys.argv[1][2:]
del sys.argv[1]
host = sys.argv[1]
ftp = FTP(host)
ftp.set_debuglevel(debugging)
userid = passwd = acct = ''
try:
netrcobj = netrc.netrc(rcfile)
except OSError:
if rcfile is not None:
print("Could not open account file -- using anonymous login.",
file=sys.stderr)
else:
try:
userid, acct, passwd = netrcobj.authenticators(host)
except (KeyError, TypeError):
# no account for host
print("No account -- using anonymous login.", file=sys.stderr)
ftp.login(userid, passwd, acct)
for file in sys.argv[2:]:
if file[:2] == '-l':
ftp.dir(file[2:])
elif file[:2] == '-d':
cmd = 'CWD'
if file[2:]: cmd = cmd + ' ' + file[2:]
resp = ftp.sendcmd(cmd)
elif file == '-p':
ftp.set_pasv(not ftp.passiveserver)
else:
ftp.retrbinary('RETR ' + file, \
sys.stdout.buffer.write, 1024)
sys.stdout.buffer.flush()
sys.stdout.flush()
ftp.quit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
Life is a race … If you don’t run fast…
you will be like a broken andaa… Viru Sahastrabudhhe
We Do Unconventional
Things for your business
Scroll Down
Life is a race … If you don’t run fast…
you will be like a broken andaa… Viru Sahastrabudhhe
We Do
Unconventional
Things for your business
Scroll Down
Bored Of Old School Strategies?
Conventional strategies do no justice to complex modern problems. Bringing in kickass blueprints to escalate your exclusive ideas to the growth trajectory.
Falling In Love With Your Problems
Your problems are our play! You get to decide which ‘solutions’ feel like an astounding fuck yes!
Discover pitch-perfect marketing strategies to deliver complex ideas into simplified solutions.
Diversity in our problem solving approach makes us who we are!
For us every client and their offerings are unique. We offer tailored and hot-off-the-press strategies to produce a unique brand identity. Listening, evolving, and promoting your articles of faith is what makes our work kickass and compelling too!
Arise, awake, and stop not until the goal is achieved
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
Creativity is seeing the same thing but thinking differently
Christopher Columbus
By prevailing over all obstacles one may unfailingly arrive at his chosen goal.
JRD Tata
Uncommon thinkers reuse what common thinkers refuse.
Lead The Way With Your New Digital Partners
Waiting to get viral? Don’t worry we’ve got your back!
Leading your way through business acumen and business strategies tailored to your needs.
Handholding you since your first lightbulb moment to making a mark in the industry through unique formulas. Bringing unexpected things to the table is in our DNA.
Producing Tailored Solutions
One solution for multiple solutions is hard to swallow. Creating tailored solutions for your unique problems
Setting Benchmarks
Doesn’t carving a path for others give the best kick ever?
Making A Difference
You can’t wait for a case study. You will be too late!
Polscy gracze coraz częściej wybierają kasyno bez weryfikacji przy wypłacie bez ukrytych opłat, aby cieszyć się szybkim dostępem do gier i przejrzystymi warunkami wypłaty wygranych. Tego typu platformy stawiają na uproszczoną rejestrację, nowoczesne metody płatności oraz jasne zasady dotyczące transakcji. Przed rozpoczęciem gry warto zapoznać się z opiniami innych użytkowników, aby ocenić jakość obsługi i niezawodność serwisu.
Jeśli chcesz znaleźć rzetelne opinie oraz porównać najlepsze platformy, casino Revolut Pay może pomóc Ci podjąć świadomą decyzję. Znajdziesz tam recenzje użytkowników, szczegóły bonusów oraz informacje o wpłatach i wypłatach w kasynach akceptujących Revolut.
People searching for gerçek canlı casino usually mean live-dealer roulette, blackjack, baccarat, or game-show tables streamed from a studio with a real dealer, rather than an RNG-only game. To assess authenticity, verify the operator’s licence directly with the regulator, check the named game provider and studio, look for clear rules and table limits, inspect withdrawal terms, and confirm that the service is legal in your jurisdiction; a foreign licence does not automatically make an operator legal in Türkiye.
[canlı casino lisans rehberi](https://guvenilircanlicasinos.com/)[gerçek krupiyeli oyunlar](https://www.livecasinos.com/tr/) [guvenilircanlicasinos](https://guvenilircanlicasinos.com/)
Many Dutch players now look for beste online casino iDEAL to benefit from secure iDEAL deposits, low minimum stakes, and quick withdrawals. These casinos integrate trusted Dutch payment infrastructure with streamlined cashout systems, ideal for users who value speed, simplicity, and transparent transactions. By consulting authentic player reviews, gamblers can identify sites that consistently deliver rapid payouts and a seamless gaming experience.
Gli online casinos with bancoposta sono principalmente operatori che accettano la carta Visa o Mastercard collegata al conto BancoPosta per depositi e, in alcuni casi, prelievi. Tra i nomi più citati in Italia figurano 888casino, SNAI, LeoVegas, Planetwin365, Gioco Digitale, Sisal e StarCasinò, con depositi minimi spesso tra 10€ e 20€ e limiti massimi che possono arrivare a diverse migliaia di euro. Per utilizzare la carta, di solito basta selezionare Visa o Mastercard alla cassa, inserire i dati della carta BancoPosta e completare la verifica 3D Secure; i prelievi possono tornare sulla stessa carta o sul conto tramite bonifico, con tempi tipici da 24 ore a 3–5 giorni lavorativi.
Gracze poszukujący sprawdzonych platform często wybierają kasyno niemcy, które oferuje przejrzyste zasady wypłat i bezpieczne metody płatności. Przed rejestracją warto porównać limity transakcji, czas realizacji przelewów oraz dostępne opcje wpłat, aby uniknąć niepotrzebnych opóźnień. Opinie innych użytkowników mogą pomóc ocenić rzetelność obsługi, jakość gier i ogólny komfort korzystania z platformy.
Oferty określane jako zagraniczne kasyna bonus bez depozytu mogą obejmować darmowe spiny lub niewielkie środki promocyjne przyznawane po rejestracji i weryfikacji konta. Przed skorzystaniem z promocji należy dokładnie sprawdzić wymagania obrotu, maksymalną wypłatę, czas ważności bonusu oraz ograniczenia dla użytkowników z Polski. Zagraniczna licencja nie legalizuje automatycznie działalności hazardowej w Polsce, dlatego warto zweryfikować operatora w oficjalnych źródłach i grać odpowiedzialnie .
