"""Stuff to parse AIFF-C and AIFF files.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the description below is true
both for AIFF-C files and AIFF files.
An AIFF-C file has the following structure.
+-----------------+
| FORM |
+-----------------+
| <size> |
+----+------------+
| | AIFC |
| +------------+
| | <chunks> |
| | . |
| | . |
| | . |
+----+------------+
An AIFF file has the string "AIFF" instead of "AIFC".
A chunk consists of an identifier (4 bytes) followed by a size (4 bytes,
big endian order), followed by the data. The size field does not include
the size of the 8 byte header.
The following chunk types are recognized.
FVER
<version number of AIFF-C defining document> (AIFF-C only).
MARK
<# of markers> (2 bytes)
list of markers:
<marker ID> (2 bytes, must be > 0)
<position> (4 bytes)
<marker name> ("pstring")
COMM
<# of channels> (2 bytes)
<# of sound frames> (4 bytes)
<size of the samples> (2 bytes)
<sampling frequency> (10 bytes, IEEE 80-bit extended
floating point)
in AIFF-C files only:
<compression type> (4 bytes)
<human-readable version of compression type> ("pstring")
SSND
<offset> (4 bytes, not used by this program)
<blocksize> (4 bytes, not used by this program)
<sound data>
A pstring consists of 1 byte length, a string of characters, and 0 or 1
byte pad to make the total length even.
Usage.
Reading AIFF files:
f = aifc.open(file, 'r')
where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
The open file pointer must have methods read(), seek(), and close().
In some types of audio files, if the setpos() method is not used,
the seek() method is not necessary.
This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
getnchannels() -- returns number of audio channels (1 for
mono, 2 for stereo)
getsampwidth() -- returns sample width in bytes
getframerate() -- returns sampling frequency
getnframes() -- returns number of audio frames
getcomptype() -- returns compression type ('NONE' for AIFF files)
getcompname() -- returns human-readable version of
compression type ('not compressed' for AIFF files)
getparams() -- returns a namedtuple consisting of all of the
above in the above order
getmarkers() -- get the list of marks in the audio file or None
if there are no marks
getmark(id) -- get mark with the specified id (raises an error
if the mark does not exist)
readframes(n) -- returns at most n frames of audio
rewind() -- rewind to the beginning of the audio stream
setpos(pos) -- seek to the specified position
tell() -- return the current position
close() -- close the instance (make it unusable)
The position returned by tell(), the position given to setpos() and
the position of marks are all compatible and have nothing to do with
the actual position in the file.
The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
is destroyed.
Writing AIFF files:
f = aifc.open(file, 'w')
where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
The open file pointer must have methods write(), tell(), seek(), and
close().
This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
aiff() -- create an AIFF file (AIFF-C default)
aifc() -- create an AIFF-C file
setnchannels(n) -- set the number of channels
setsampwidth(n) -- set the sample width
setframerate(n) -- set the frame rate
setnframes(n) -- set the number of frames
setcomptype(type, name)
-- set the compression type and the
human-readable compression type
setparams(tuple)
-- set all parameters at once
setmark(id, pos, name)
-- add specified mark to the list of marks
tell() -- return current position in output file (useful
in combination with setmark())
writeframesraw(data)
-- write audio frames without pathing up the
file header
writeframes(data)
-- write audio frames and patch up the file header
close() -- patch up the file header and close the
output file
You should set the parameters before the first writeframesraw or
writeframes. The total number of frames does not need to be set,
but when it is set to the correct value, the header does not have to
be patched up.
It is best to first set all parameters, perhaps possibly the
compression type, and then write audio frames using writeframesraw.
When all frames have been written, either call writeframes(b'') or
close() to patch up the sizes in the header.
Marks can be added anytime. If there are any marks, you must call
close() after all frames have been written.
The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
is destroyed.
When a file is opened with the extension '.aiff', an AIFF file is
written, otherwise an AIFF-C file is written. This default can be
changed by calling aiff() or aifc() before the first writeframes or
writeframesraw.
"""
import struct
import builtins
import warnings
__all__ = ["Error", "open"]
warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3, 13))
class Error(Exception):
pass
_AIFC_version = 0xA2805140 # Version 1 of AIFF-C
def _read_long(file):
try:
return struct.unpack('>l', file.read(4))[0]
except struct.error:
raise EOFError from None
def _read_ulong(file):
try:
return struct.unpack('>L', file.read(4))[0]
except struct.error:
raise EOFError from None
def _read_short(file):
try:
return struct.unpack('>h', file.read(2))[0]
except struct.error:
raise EOFError from None
def _read_ushort(file):
try:
return struct.unpack('>H', file.read(2))[0]
except struct.error:
raise EOFError from None
def _read_string(file):
length = ord(file.read(1))
if length == 0:
data = b''
else:
data = file.read(length)
if length & 1 == 0:
dummy = file.read(1)
return data
_HUGE_VAL = 1.79769313486231e+308 # See <limits.h>
def _read_float(f): # 10 bytes
expon = _read_short(f) # 2 bytes
sign = 1
if expon < 0:
sign = -1
expon = expon + 0x8000
himant = _read_ulong(f) # 4 bytes
lomant = _read_ulong(f) # 4 bytes
if expon == himant == lomant == 0:
f = 0.0
elif expon == 0x7FFF:
f = _HUGE_VAL
else:
expon = expon - 16383
f = (himant * 0x100000000 + lomant) * pow(2.0, expon - 63)
return sign * f
def _write_short(f, x):
f.write(struct.pack('>h', x))
def _write_ushort(f, x):
f.write(struct.pack('>H', x))
def _write_long(f, x):
f.write(struct.pack('>l', x))
def _write_ulong(f, x):
f.write(struct.pack('>L', x))
def _write_string(f, s):
if len(s) > 255:
raise ValueError("string exceeds maximum pstring length")
f.write(struct.pack('B', len(s)))
f.write(s)
if len(s) & 1 == 0:
f.write(b'\x00')
def _write_float(f, x):
import math
if x < 0:
sign = 0x8000
x = x * -1
else:
sign = 0
if x == 0:
expon = 0
himant = 0
lomant = 0
else:
fmant, expon = math.frexp(x)
if expon > 16384 or fmant >= 1 or fmant != fmant: # Infinity or NaN
expon = sign|0x7FFF
himant = 0
lomant = 0
else: # Finite
expon = expon + 16382
if expon < 0: # denormalized
fmant = math.ldexp(fmant, expon)
expon = 0
expon = expon | sign
fmant = math.ldexp(fmant, 32)
fsmant = math.floor(fmant)
himant = int(fsmant)
fmant = math.ldexp(fmant - fsmant, 32)
fsmant = math.floor(fmant)
lomant = int(fsmant)
_write_ushort(f, expon)
_write_ulong(f, himant)
_write_ulong(f, lomant)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
from chunk import Chunk
from collections import namedtuple
_aifc_params = namedtuple('_aifc_params',
'nchannels sampwidth framerate nframes comptype compname')
_aifc_params.nchannels.__doc__ = 'Number of audio channels (1 for mono, 2 for stereo)'
_aifc_params.sampwidth.__doc__ = 'Sample width in bytes'
_aifc_params.framerate.__doc__ = 'Sampling frequency'
_aifc_params.nframes.__doc__ = 'Number of audio frames'
_aifc_params.comptype.__doc__ = 'Compression type ("NONE" for AIFF files)'
_aifc_params.compname.__doc__ = ("""\
A human-readable version of the compression type
('not compressed' for AIFF files)""")
class Aifc_read:
# Variables used in this class:
#
# These variables are available to the user though appropriate
# methods of this class:
# _file -- the open file with methods read(), close(), and seek()
# set through the __init__() method
# _nchannels -- the number of audio channels
# available through the getnchannels() method
# _nframes -- the number of audio frames
# available through the getnframes() method
# _sampwidth -- the number of bytes per audio sample
# available through the getsampwidth() method
# _framerate -- the sampling frequency
# available through the getframerate() method
# _comptype -- the AIFF-C compression type ('NONE' if AIFF)
# available through the getcomptype() method
# _compname -- the human-readable AIFF-C compression type
# available through the getcomptype() method
# _markers -- the marks in the audio file
# available through the getmarkers() and getmark()
# methods
# _soundpos -- the position in the audio stream
# available through the tell() method, set through the
# setpos() method
#
# These variables are used internally only:
# _version -- the AIFF-C version number
# _decomp -- the decompressor from builtin module cl
# _comm_chunk_read -- 1 iff the COMM chunk has been read
# _aifc -- 1 iff reading an AIFF-C file
# _ssnd_seek_needed -- 1 iff positioned correctly in audio
# file for readframes()
# _ssnd_chunk -- instantiation of a chunk class for the SSND chunk
# _framesize -- size of one frame in the file
_file = None # Set here since __del__ checks it
def initfp(self, file):
self._version = 0
self._convert = None
self._markers = []
self._soundpos = 0
self._file = file
chunk = Chunk(file)
if chunk.getname() != b'FORM':
raise Error('file does not start with FORM id')
formdata = chunk.read(4)
if formdata == b'AIFF':
self._aifc = 0
elif formdata == b'AIFC':
self._aifc = 1
else:
raise Error('not an AIFF or AIFF-C file')
self._comm_chunk_read = 0
self._ssnd_chunk = None
while 1:
self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
try:
chunk = Chunk(self._file)
except EOFError:
break
chunkname = chunk.getname()
if chunkname == b'COMM':
self._read_comm_chunk(chunk)
self._comm_chunk_read = 1
elif chunkname == b'SSND':
self._ssnd_chunk = chunk
dummy = chunk.read(8)
self._ssnd_seek_needed = 0
elif chunkname == b'FVER':
self._version = _read_ulong(chunk)
elif chunkname == b'MARK':
self._readmark(chunk)
chunk.skip()
if not self._comm_chunk_read or not self._ssnd_chunk:
raise Error('COMM chunk and/or SSND chunk missing')
def __init__(self, f):
if isinstance(f, str):
file_object = builtins.open(f, 'rb')
try:
self.initfp(file_object)
except:
file_object.close()
raise
else:
# assume it is an open file object already
self.initfp(f)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
self.close()
#
# User visible methods.
#
def getfp(self):
return self._file
def rewind(self):
self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
self._soundpos = 0
def close(self):
file = self._file
if file is not None:
self._file = None
file.close()
def tell(self):
return self._soundpos
def getnchannels(self):
return self._nchannels
def getnframes(self):
return self._nframes
def getsampwidth(self):
return self._sampwidth
def getframerate(self):
return self._framerate
def getcomptype(self):
return self._comptype
def getcompname(self):
return self._compname
## def getversion(self):
## return self._version
def getparams(self):
return _aifc_params(self.getnchannels(), self.getsampwidth(),
self.getframerate(), self.getnframes(),
self.getcomptype(), self.getcompname())
def getmarkers(self):
if len(self._markers) == 0:
return None
return self._markers
def getmark(self, id):
for marker in self._markers:
if id == marker[0]:
return marker
raise Error('marker {0!r} does not exist'.format(id))
def setpos(self, pos):
if pos < 0 or pos > self._nframes:
raise Error('position not in range')
self._soundpos = pos
self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
def readframes(self, nframes):
if self._ssnd_seek_needed:
self._ssnd_chunk.seek(0)
dummy = self._ssnd_chunk.read(8)
pos = self._soundpos * self._framesize
if pos:
self._ssnd_chunk.seek(pos + 8)
self._ssnd_seek_needed = 0
if nframes == 0:
return b''
data = self._ssnd_chunk.read(nframes * self._framesize)
if self._convert and data:
data = self._convert(data)
self._soundpos = self._soundpos + len(data) // (self._nchannels
* self._sampwidth)
return data
#
# Internal methods.
#
def _alaw2lin(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
return audioop.alaw2lin(data, 2)
def _ulaw2lin(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
return audioop.ulaw2lin(data, 2)
def _adpcm2lin(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
if not hasattr(self, '_adpcmstate'):
# first time
self._adpcmstate = None
data, self._adpcmstate = audioop.adpcm2lin(data, 2, self._adpcmstate)
return data
def _sowt2lin(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
return audioop.byteswap(data, 2)
def _read_comm_chunk(self, chunk):
self._nchannels = _read_short(chunk)
self._nframes = _read_long(chunk)
self._sampwidth = (_read_short(chunk) + 7) // 8
self._framerate = int(_read_float(chunk))
if self._sampwidth <= 0:
raise Error('bad sample width')
if self._nchannels <= 0:
raise Error('bad # of channels')
self._framesize = self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
if self._aifc:
#DEBUG: SGI's soundeditor produces a bad size :-(
kludge = 0
if chunk.chunksize == 18:
kludge = 1
warnings.warn('Warning: bad COMM chunk size')
chunk.chunksize = 23
#DEBUG end
self._comptype = chunk.read(4)
#DEBUG start
if kludge:
length = ord(chunk.file.read(1))
if length & 1 == 0:
length = length + 1
chunk.chunksize = chunk.chunksize + length
chunk.file.seek(-1, 1)
#DEBUG end
self._compname = _read_string(chunk)
if self._comptype != b'NONE':
if self._comptype == b'G722':
self._convert = self._adpcm2lin
elif self._comptype in (b'ulaw', b'ULAW'):
self._convert = self._ulaw2lin
elif self._comptype in (b'alaw', b'ALAW'):
self._convert = self._alaw2lin
elif self._comptype in (b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
self._convert = self._sowt2lin
else:
raise Error('unsupported compression type')
self._sampwidth = 2
else:
self._comptype = b'NONE'
self._compname = b'not compressed'
def _readmark(self, chunk):
nmarkers = _read_short(chunk)
# Some files appear to contain invalid counts.
# Cope with this by testing for EOF.
try:
for i in range(nmarkers):
id = _read_short(chunk)
pos = _read_long(chunk)
name = _read_string(chunk)
if pos or name:
# some files appear to have
# dummy markers consisting of
# a position 0 and name ''
self._markers.append((id, pos, name))
except EOFError:
w = ('Warning: MARK chunk contains only %s marker%s instead of %s' %
(len(self._markers), '' if len(self._markers) == 1 else 's',
nmarkers))
warnings.warn(w)
class Aifc_write:
# Variables used in this class:
#
# These variables are user settable through appropriate methods
# of this class:
# _file -- the open file with methods write(), close(), tell(), seek()
# set through the __init__() method
# _comptype -- the AIFF-C compression type ('NONE' in AIFF)
# set through the setcomptype() or setparams() method
# _compname -- the human-readable AIFF-C compression type
# set through the setcomptype() or setparams() method
# _nchannels -- the number of audio channels
# set through the setnchannels() or setparams() method
# _sampwidth -- the number of bytes per audio sample
# set through the setsampwidth() or setparams() method
# _framerate -- the sampling frequency
# set through the setframerate() or setparams() method
# _nframes -- the number of audio frames written to the header
# set through the setnframes() or setparams() method
# _aifc -- whether we're writing an AIFF-C file or an AIFF file
# set through the aifc() method, reset through the
# aiff() method
#
# These variables are used internally only:
# _version -- the AIFF-C version number
# _comp -- the compressor from builtin module cl
# _nframeswritten -- the number of audio frames actually written
# _datalength -- the size of the audio samples written to the header
# _datawritten -- the size of the audio samples actually written
_file = None # Set here since __del__ checks it
def __init__(self, f):
if isinstance(f, str):
file_object = builtins.open(f, 'wb')
try:
self.initfp(file_object)
except:
file_object.close()
raise
# treat .aiff file extensions as non-compressed audio
if f.endswith('.aiff'):
self._aifc = 0
else:
# assume it is an open file object already
self.initfp(f)
def initfp(self, file):
self._file = file
self._version = _AIFC_version
self._comptype = b'NONE'
self._compname = b'not compressed'
self._convert = None
self._nchannels = 0
self._sampwidth = 0
self._framerate = 0
self._nframes = 0
self._nframeswritten = 0
self._datawritten = 0
self._datalength = 0
self._markers = []
self._marklength = 0
self._aifc = 1 # AIFF-C is default
def __del__(self):
self.close()
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
self.close()
#
# User visible methods.
#
def aiff(self):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
self._aifc = 0
def aifc(self):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
self._aifc = 1
def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
if nchannels < 1:
raise Error('bad # of channels')
self._nchannels = nchannels
def getnchannels(self):
if not self._nchannels:
raise Error('number of channels not set')
return self._nchannels
def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
if sampwidth < 1 or sampwidth > 4:
raise Error('bad sample width')
self._sampwidth = sampwidth
def getsampwidth(self):
if not self._sampwidth:
raise Error('sample width not set')
return self._sampwidth
def setframerate(self, framerate):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
if framerate <= 0:
raise Error('bad frame rate')
self._framerate = framerate
def getframerate(self):
if not self._framerate:
raise Error('frame rate not set')
return self._framerate
def setnframes(self, nframes):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
self._nframes = nframes
def getnframes(self):
return self._nframeswritten
def setcomptype(self, comptype, compname):
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
if comptype not in (b'NONE', b'ulaw', b'ULAW',
b'alaw', b'ALAW', b'G722', b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
raise Error('unsupported compression type')
self._comptype = comptype
self._compname = compname
def getcomptype(self):
return self._comptype
def getcompname(self):
return self._compname
## def setversion(self, version):
## if self._nframeswritten:
## raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
## self._version = version
def setparams(self, params):
nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname = params
if self._nframeswritten:
raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
if comptype not in (b'NONE', b'ulaw', b'ULAW',
b'alaw', b'ALAW', b'G722', b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
raise Error('unsupported compression type')
self.setnchannels(nchannels)
self.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
self.setframerate(framerate)
self.setnframes(nframes)
self.setcomptype(comptype, compname)
def getparams(self):
if not self._nchannels or not self._sampwidth or not self._framerate:
raise Error('not all parameters set')
return _aifc_params(self._nchannels, self._sampwidth, self._framerate,
self._nframes, self._comptype, self._compname)
def setmark(self, id, pos, name):
if id <= 0:
raise Error('marker ID must be > 0')
if pos < 0:
raise Error('marker position must be >= 0')
if not isinstance(name, bytes):
raise Error('marker name must be bytes')
for i in range(len(self._markers)):
if id == self._markers[i][0]:
self._markers[i] = id, pos, name
return
self._markers.append((id, pos, name))
def getmark(self, id):
for marker in self._markers:
if id == marker[0]:
return marker
raise Error('marker {0!r} does not exist'.format(id))
def getmarkers(self):
if len(self._markers) == 0:
return None
return self._markers
def tell(self):
return self._nframeswritten
def writeframesraw(self, data):
if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
data = memoryview(data).cast('B')
self._ensure_header_written(len(data))
nframes = len(data) // (self._sampwidth * self._nchannels)
if self._convert:
data = self._convert(data)
self._file.write(data)
self._nframeswritten = self._nframeswritten + nframes
self._datawritten = self._datawritten + len(data)
def writeframes(self, data):
self.writeframesraw(data)
if self._nframeswritten != self._nframes or \
self._datalength != self._datawritten:
self._patchheader()
def close(self):
if self._file is None:
return
try:
self._ensure_header_written(0)
if self._datawritten & 1:
# quick pad to even size
self._file.write(b'\x00')
self._datawritten = self._datawritten + 1
self._writemarkers()
if self._nframeswritten != self._nframes or \
self._datalength != self._datawritten or \
self._marklength:
self._patchheader()
finally:
# Prevent ref cycles
self._convert = None
f = self._file
self._file = None
f.close()
#
# Internal methods.
#
def _lin2alaw(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
return audioop.lin2alaw(data, 2)
def _lin2ulaw(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
return audioop.lin2ulaw(data, 2)
def _lin2adpcm(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
if not hasattr(self, '_adpcmstate'):
self._adpcmstate = None
data, self._adpcmstate = audioop.lin2adpcm(data, 2, self._adpcmstate)
return data
def _lin2sowt(self, data):
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
import audioop
return audioop.byteswap(data, 2)
def _ensure_header_written(self, datasize):
if not self._nframeswritten:
if self._comptype in (b'ULAW', b'ulaw',
b'ALAW', b'alaw', b'G722',
b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
if not self._sampwidth:
self._sampwidth = 2
if self._sampwidth != 2:
raise Error('sample width must be 2 when compressing '
'with ulaw/ULAW, alaw/ALAW, sowt/SOWT '
'or G7.22 (ADPCM)')
if not self._nchannels:
raise Error('# channels not specified')
if not self._sampwidth:
raise Error('sample width not specified')
if not self._framerate:
raise Error('sampling rate not specified')
self._write_header(datasize)
def _init_compression(self):
if self._comptype == b'G722':
self._convert = self._lin2adpcm
elif self._comptype in (b'ulaw', b'ULAW'):
self._convert = self._lin2ulaw
elif self._comptype in (b'alaw', b'ALAW'):
self._convert = self._lin2alaw
elif self._comptype in (b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
self._convert = self._lin2sowt
def _write_header(self, initlength):
if self._aifc and self._comptype != b'NONE':
self._init_compression()
self._file.write(b'FORM')
if not self._nframes:
self._nframes = initlength // (self._nchannels * self._sampwidth)
self._datalength = self._nframes * self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
if self._datalength & 1:
self._datalength = self._datalength + 1
if self._aifc:
if self._comptype in (b'ulaw', b'ULAW', b'alaw', b'ALAW'):
self._datalength = self._datalength // 2
if self._datalength & 1:
self._datalength = self._datalength + 1
elif self._comptype == b'G722':
self._datalength = (self._datalength + 3) // 4
if self._datalength & 1:
self._datalength = self._datalength + 1
try:
self._form_length_pos = self._file.tell()
except (AttributeError, OSError):
self._form_length_pos = None
commlength = self._write_form_length(self._datalength)
if self._aifc:
self._file.write(b'AIFC')
self._file.write(b'FVER')
_write_ulong(self._file, 4)
_write_ulong(self._file, self._version)
else:
self._file.write(b'AIFF')
self._file.write(b'COMM')
_write_ulong(self._file, commlength)
_write_short(self._file, self._nchannels)
if self._form_length_pos is not None:
self._nframes_pos = self._file.tell()
_write_ulong(self._file, self._nframes)
if self._comptype in (b'ULAW', b'ulaw', b'ALAW', b'alaw', b'G722'):
_write_short(self._file, 8)
else:
_write_short(self._file, self._sampwidth * 8)
_write_float(self._file, self._framerate)
if self._aifc:
self._file.write(self._comptype)
_write_string(self._file, self._compname)
self._file.write(b'SSND')
if self._form_length_pos is not None:
self._ssnd_length_pos = self._file.tell()
_write_ulong(self._file, self._datalength + 8)
_write_ulong(self._file, 0)
_write_ulong(self._file, 0)
def _write_form_length(self, datalength):
if self._aifc:
commlength = 18 + 5 + len(self._compname)
if commlength & 1:
commlength = commlength + 1
verslength = 12
else:
commlength = 18
verslength = 0
_write_ulong(self._file, 4 + verslength + self._marklength + \
8 + commlength + 16 + datalength)
return commlength
def _patchheader(self):
curpos = self._file.tell()
if self._datawritten & 1:
datalength = self._datawritten + 1
self._file.write(b'\x00')
else:
datalength = self._datawritten
if datalength == self._datalength and \
self._nframes == self._nframeswritten and \
self._marklength == 0:
self._file.seek(curpos, 0)
return
self._file.seek(self._form_length_pos, 0)
dummy = self._write_form_length(datalength)
self._file.seek(self._nframes_pos, 0)
_write_ulong(self._file, self._nframeswritten)
self._file.seek(self._ssnd_length_pos, 0)
_write_ulong(self._file, datalength + 8)
self._file.seek(curpos, 0)
self._nframes = self._nframeswritten
self._datalength = datalength
def _writemarkers(self):
if len(self._markers) == 0:
return
self._file.write(b'MARK')
length = 2
for marker in self._markers:
id, pos, name = marker
length = length + len(name) + 1 + 6
if len(name) & 1 == 0:
length = length + 1
_write_ulong(self._file, length)
self._marklength = length + 8
_write_short(self._file, len(self._markers))
for marker in self._markers:
id, pos, name = marker
_write_short(self._file, id)
_write_ulong(self._file, pos)
_write_string(self._file, name)
def open(f, mode=None):
if mode is None:
if hasattr(f, 'mode'):
mode = f.mode
else:
mode = 'rb'
if mode in ('r', 'rb'):
return Aifc_read(f)
elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
return Aifc_write(f)
else:
raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
if not sys.argv[1:]:
sys.argv.append('/usr/demos/data/audio/bach.aiff')
fn = sys.argv[1]
with open(fn, 'r') as f:
print("Reading", fn)
print("nchannels =", f.getnchannels())
print("nframes =", f.getnframes())
print("sampwidth =", f.getsampwidth())
print("framerate =", f.getframerate())
print("comptype =", f.getcomptype())
print("compname =", f.getcompname())
if sys.argv[2:]:
gn = sys.argv[2]
print("Writing", gn)
with open(gn, 'w') as g:
g.setparams(f.getparams())
while 1:
data = f.readframes(1024)
if not data:
break
g.writeframes(data)
print("Done.")
Life is a race … If you don’t run fast…
you will be like a broken andaa… Viru Sahastrabudhhe
We Do Unconventional
Things for your business
Scroll Down
Life is a race … If you don’t run fast…
you will be like a broken andaa… Viru Sahastrabudhhe
We Do
Unconventional
Things for your business
Scroll Down
Bored Of Old School Strategies?
Conventional strategies do no justice to complex modern problems. Bringing in kickass blueprints to escalate your exclusive ideas to the growth trajectory.
Falling In Love With Your Problems
Your problems are our play! You get to decide which ‘solutions’ feel like an astounding fuck yes!
Discover pitch-perfect marketing strategies to deliver complex ideas into simplified solutions.
Diversity in our problem solving approach makes us who we are!
For us every client and their offerings are unique. We offer tailored and hot-off-the-press strategies to produce a unique brand identity. Listening, evolving, and promoting your articles of faith is what makes our work kickass and compelling too!
Arise, awake, and stop not until the goal is achieved
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
Creativity is seeing the same thing but thinking differently
Christopher Columbus
By prevailing over all obstacles one may unfailingly arrive at his chosen goal.
JRD Tata
Uncommon thinkers reuse what common thinkers refuse.
Lead The Way With Your New Digital Partners
Waiting to get viral? Don’t worry we’ve got your back!
Leading your way through business acumen and business strategies tailored to your needs.
Handholding you since your first lightbulb moment to making a mark in the industry through unique formulas. Bringing unexpected things to the table is in our DNA.
Producing Tailored Solutions
One solution for multiple solutions is hard to swallow. Creating tailored solutions for your unique problems
Setting Benchmarks
Doesn’t carving a path for others give the best kick ever?
Making A Difference
You can’t wait for a case study. You will be too late!
Polscy gracze coraz częściej wybierają kasyno bez weryfikacji przy wypłacie bez ukrytych opłat, aby cieszyć się szybkim dostępem do gier i przejrzystymi warunkami wypłaty wygranych. Tego typu platformy stawiają na uproszczoną rejestrację, nowoczesne metody płatności oraz jasne zasady dotyczące transakcji. Przed rozpoczęciem gry warto zapoznać się z opiniami innych użytkowników, aby ocenić jakość obsługi i niezawodność serwisu.
Jeśli chcesz znaleźć rzetelne opinie oraz porównać najlepsze platformy, casino Revolut Pay może pomóc Ci podjąć świadomą decyzję. Znajdziesz tam recenzje użytkowników, szczegóły bonusów oraz informacje o wpłatach i wypłatach w kasynach akceptujących Revolut.
People searching for gerçek canlı casino usually mean live-dealer roulette, blackjack, baccarat, or game-show tables streamed from a studio with a real dealer, rather than an RNG-only game. To assess authenticity, verify the operator’s licence directly with the regulator, check the named game provider and studio, look for clear rules and table limits, inspect withdrawal terms, and confirm that the service is legal in your jurisdiction; a foreign licence does not automatically make an operator legal in Türkiye.
[canlı casino lisans rehberi](https://guvenilircanlicasinos.com/)[gerçek krupiyeli oyunlar](https://www.livecasinos.com/tr/) [guvenilircanlicasinos](https://guvenilircanlicasinos.com/)
Many Dutch players now look for beste online casino iDEAL to benefit from secure iDEAL deposits, low minimum stakes, and quick withdrawals. These casinos integrate trusted Dutch payment infrastructure with streamlined cashout systems, ideal for users who value speed, simplicity, and transparent transactions. By consulting authentic player reviews, gamblers can identify sites that consistently deliver rapid payouts and a seamless gaming experience.
Gli online casinos with bancoposta sono principalmente operatori che accettano la carta Visa o Mastercard collegata al conto BancoPosta per depositi e, in alcuni casi, prelievi. Tra i nomi più citati in Italia figurano 888casino, SNAI, LeoVegas, Planetwin365, Gioco Digitale, Sisal e StarCasinò, con depositi minimi spesso tra 10€ e 20€ e limiti massimi che possono arrivare a diverse migliaia di euro. Per utilizzare la carta, di solito basta selezionare Visa o Mastercard alla cassa, inserire i dati della carta BancoPosta e completare la verifica 3D Secure; i prelievi possono tornare sulla stessa carta o sul conto tramite bonifico, con tempi tipici da 24 ore a 3–5 giorni lavorativi.
Gracze poszukujący sprawdzonych platform często wybierają kasyno niemcy, które oferuje przejrzyste zasady wypłat i bezpieczne metody płatności. Przed rejestracją warto porównać limity transakcji, czas realizacji przelewów oraz dostępne opcje wpłat, aby uniknąć niepotrzebnych opóźnień. Opinie innych użytkowników mogą pomóc ocenić rzetelność obsługi, jakość gier i ogólny komfort korzystania z platformy.
Oferty określane jako zagraniczne kasyna bonus bez depozytu mogą obejmować darmowe spiny lub niewielkie środki promocyjne przyznawane po rejestracji i weryfikacji konta. Przed skorzystaniem z promocji należy dokładnie sprawdzić wymagania obrotu, maksymalną wypłatę, czas ważności bonusu oraz ograniczenia dla użytkowników z Polski. Zagraniczna licencja nie legalizuje automatycznie działalności hazardowej w Polsce, dlatego warto zweryfikować operatora w oficjalnych źródłach i grać odpowiedzialnie .
